--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Emerging Infectious Diseases * Volume 3 * Number 2 * April-June 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Perspective * The Economic Impact of a Bioterrorist Attack: Are Prevention and Postattack Intervention Programs Justifiable? A.F. Kaufmann, M.I. Meltzer, G.P. Schmid Synopses * Hantaviruses: A Global Disease Problem C. Schmaljohn and B. Hjelle * Japanese Spotted Fever: Report of 31 Cases and Review of the Literature * F. Mahara This article is also available in Japanese at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/eid.htm * Polycystic Kidney Disease: An Unrecognized Emerging Infectious Disease? M.A. Miller-Hjelle, J.T. Hjelle, M. Jones, W.R. Mayberry, M.A. Dombrink-Kurtzman, S.W. Peterson, D.M. Nowak, and F.S. Darras * Borna Disease C.G.Hatalski,A.J.Lewis,and W.I. Lipkin * The Rickettsia: an Emerging Group of Pathogens in Fish J.L. Fryer and M.J. Mauel * Rhodococcus equi and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: Two "Coryneform"Bacteria Increasingly Recognized as Agents of Human Infection R. Linder * Is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Transmitted in Blood? M.N. Ricketts, N.R. Cashman, E.E. Stratton, S. ElSaadany Dispatches * A New Tick-borne Encephalitis-like Virus Infecting New England Deer Ticks, Ixodes dammini S.R. Telford III, P.M. Armstrong, P. Katavolos, I. Foppa, A.S.O. Garcia, M.L. Wilson, A. Spielman * An Unusual Hantavirus Outbreak in Southern Argentina: Person-to-Person Transmission? R.M. Wells, S.S. Estani, Z.E. Yadon, D. Enria, P. Padula, N. Pini, J.N. Mills, C.J. Peters, E.L. Segura, and the Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Study Group for Patagonia * Pertussis in the Netherlands: an Outbreak Despite High Levels of Immunization with Whole-Cell Vaccine H.E. de Melker, M.A.E. Conyn-van Spaendonck, H.C. Rümke, J.K. van Wijngaarden, F.R. Mooi, and J.F.P. Schellekens * Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b Disease in Elderly Nursing Home Residents: Two Related Cases T.C. Heath, M.C. Hewitt, B. Jalaludin, C. Roberts, A.G. Capon, P. Jelfs, and G.L. Gilbert * Seroepidemiologic Studies of Hantavirus Infection Among Wild Rodents in California M. Jay, M.S. Ascher, B.B. Chomel, M. Madon, D. Sesline, B.A. Enge, B. Hjelle, T.G. Ksiazek, P. E. Rollin, P.H. Kass, and K. Reilly * Gestational Psittacosis in a Montana Sheep Rancher D.M. Jorgensen * Lack of Serologic Evidence for an Association between Cache Valley Virus Infection and Anencephaly and Other Neural Tube Defects in Texas J.F. Edwards and K. Hendricks * Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis Survey Kentucky M. Auslander and C. Kaelin Commentary * Biologic Terrorism Responding to the Threat P.K. Russell From the 1st International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses The articles in this section were originally presented at the 1st International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses, Jerusalem, Israel, November 24-28, 1996. The conference was cosponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Israel Center for Disease Control. * The Hantaviruses of Europe: from the Bedside to the Bench J. Clement, P. Heyman, P. McKenna, P. Colson, and T. Avsic-Zupanc * Brucellosis: an Overview M.J. Corbel * Global Aspects of Emerging and Potential Zoonoses: a WHO Perspective F.-X. Meslin * Epidemiology of Emerging Zoonoses in Israel A. Shimshony * Electronic Media and Emerging Zoonoses S.A. Berger Letters * The Reemergence of Aedes aegypti in Arizona D.M. Engelthaler, T.M. Fink, C.E. Levy and M.J. Leslie * Treatment of Exudative Pharyngitis P.D. Ellner * Reply to P.D. Ellner H.S. Izurieta, P.M. Strebel, T. Youngblood, D.G. Hollis, and T. Popovic News and Notes * Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics of Pathogenic Microorganisms * Simian Virus 40 (SV40) * Foodborne Pathogens: Implications and Control * Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Pacific Rim * Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases * Hantavirus Conference * International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases * Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory Fellowship Program * Emerging Infections: Clinical and Pathologic Update II * Rabies Conference * Erratum --------------------------------------------------------------------------- About EID Emerging Infectious Diseases is indexed in Index Medicus/Medline, Current Contents, and several other electronic databases. Emerging Infectious Diseases is part of CDC's plan for combatting emerging infectious diseases; the plan is outlined in a recently published document, Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats--A Prevention Strategy for the United States. One of the main goals of CDC's plan is to enhance communication of public health information about emerging diseases so that prevention measures can be implemented without delay. Emerging Infectious Diseases is peer reviewed and will be providing information on emerging infections in three broad categories: 1) Perspectives, a section addressing factors that underlie disease emergence including microbial adaptation and change, human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, economic development and land use, international travel and commerce, and breakdown of public health measures; 2) Synopses, concise, state-of-the-art summaries of specific diseases or syndromes and related emerging infectious disease issues; 3) Dispatches, brief laboratory or epidemiologic reports with an international scope. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Editors Editor Joseph E. McDade, Ph.D., National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA Perspectives Editor Stephen S. Morse, Ph.D.,The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA Synopses Editor Phillip J. Baker, Ph.D., Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Dispatches Editor Stephen Ostroff, M.D., National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Managing Editor Polyxeni Potter, M.A., National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Liaison Representatives Anthony I. Adams, M.D., Chief Medical Adviser, Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, Canberra, Australia David Brandling-Bennett, M.D., Deputy Director, Division of Communicable Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization Washington, D.C., USA Gail Cassell, Ph.D., Liaison to American Society for Microbiology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H., Editor, MMWR, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Thomas M. Gomez. D.V.M.,M.S., Staff Epidemiologist U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Riverdale, Maryland, USA Joseph Losos, M.D., Director General, Laboratory Center for Disease Control Ontario, Canada Gerald L. Mandell, M.D., Liaison to Infectious Diseases Society of America, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA William J. Martone, M.D., Senior Executive Director National Foundation for Infectious Diseases Bethesda, Maryland, USA Phillip P. Mortimer, M.D., Director, Virus Reference Division Central Public Health Laboratory London, United Kingdom Robert Shope, M.D., Director, Yale Arbovirus Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Natalya B. Sipachova, M.D., Ph.D. Scientific Editor Russian Republic Information & Analytic Centre Moscow, Russia Bonnie Smoak, M.D. U.S. Army Medical Research Unit—Kenya Unit 64109 Box 401 APO AE 09831-4109 Robert Swanepoel, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., Head, Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Virology, Sandrinham 2131, South Africa Roberto Tapia-Conyer, M.D. Dirección General de Epidemiología Secretaría de Salud México --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Editorial and Computer Support Editing and Production Beatrice T. Divine, M.B.A. Teresa M. Hood, M.S. Editorial Assistance Maria T. Brito Electronic Distribution Carol Y. Crawford David L. Smith Cover Design Mindy Barringer Martha F. Boyd --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Electronic Journal Citation Style Suggested citation for advance dispatches and for journal articles in ascii or html files: Example Fischer JR, Stallknecht DE, Luttrell MP, Dhondt AA, Converse KA. Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in wild songbirds: The spread of a new contagious disease in a mobile host population. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 1997; 3(1): 14 pars. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol3no1/edwards.htm. Date posted: 1997 Jan 10. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Emerging Infectious Diseases Emerging Infectious Diseases is published four times a year by the National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Telephone 404-639-3967, fax 404-639-3039, e-mail eideditor@cdc.gov. The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of CDC or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated. All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission; proper citation, however, is appreciated. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid free paper that meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Electronic access to EID EID is also available on the Internet through File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and electronic mail. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- FTP Download the journal through anonymous FTP to ftp.cdc.gov. The files can be found in the pub/EID directory in each of the file types listed below. A Spanish version of the journal's first volume is available electronically from the Universidad de la Plata, Argentina (ftp://fcv.medvet.unlp.edu.ar). LISTSERVer (E-Mail Lists) Because of the large file sizes of the journal and the complexity of sending the journal to different e-mail systems, it is strongly recommended that if you have FTP capabilities, you choose to access EID through FTP rather than e-mail lists. However, if you do not have FTP, you may have the journal sent to your electronic mailbox by subscribing to one of four mailing lists. Choose the list with the file type that best meets your computing environment. There are four lists available: * EID-TOC sends the table of contents and allows you to request individual articles. (This file is typically 10-15 kb.) * EID-ASCII sends the journal in ASCII format. (This file is typically 200-400 kb.) * EID-PDF sends the journal in Adobe Acrobat format. You can get the Adobe Acrobat Reader free by subscribing to this list. (This file is typically 500-900 kb.) * EID-PS sends the journal in PostScript format. (This file is typically 4-8 Mb.) To subscribe to a list, use the Subscription Form or send an e-mail to listserv@cdc.gov with the following in the body of your message: subscribe listname (e.g., subscribe EID-PS) Once you have requested a subscription, you will receive a confirmation and further instructions by e-mail. File formats available The journal is available in three file formats: ASCII, Adobe Acrobat (.pdf), and PostScript (.ps). The ASCII version of the journal does not contain figures. Both the .pdf and .ps files, however, contain graphics and figures and are true representations of the hard copy of the journal. The Adobe Acrobat format requires an Adobe Reader (available at no charge from CDC through FTP, LISTSERVer, or World-Wide Web [WWW]. This reader is available in DOS, Windows, UNIX, and Macintosh versions and will allow you to view and print the journal just as it looks in hard copy. Installation instructions come with the Adobe software. Electronic Journal Citation Style Suggested citation for advance dispatches and for journal articles in ascii or html files: Example Fischer JR, Stallknecht DE, Luttrell MP, Dhondt AA, Converse KA. Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in wild songbirds: The spread of a new contagious disease in a mobile host population. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 1997; 3(1): 14 pars. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol3no1/ edwards.htm. Date posted: 1997 Jan 10. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- For more information about receiving EID electronically, send an e-mail to eidhelp@cdc.gov. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Instructions to Authors Editorial Policy and Call for Articles Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) is a peer-reviewed journal established expressly to promote the recognition of new and reemerging infectious diseases and to improve the understanding of factors involved in disease emergence, prevention, and elimination. EID has an international scope and is intended for professionals in infectious diseases and related sciences. We welcome contributions from infectious disease specialists in academia, industry, clinical practice, and public health as well as from specialists in economics, demography, sociology, and other disciplines. Inquiries about the suitability of proposed articles may be directed to the editor at 404-639-3967 (telephone), 404-639-3075 (fax), or eideditor@cdc.gov (e-mail). EID is published in English and features three types of articles: Perspectives, Synopses, and Dispatches. The purpose and requirements of each type of article are described in detail below. A Spanish version of the journal's first two volumes is available electronically from the Universidad de la Plata, Argentina (ftp://fcv.medvet.unlp.edu.ar). Articles by authors from non-English-speaking countries can be made simultaneously available in English and in the author's native language (electronic version of the journal only). Articles published in this way are translated from English into the author's native language and appear in the same issue of the journal. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Instructions to Authors Manuscripts should be prepared according to the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals" (Ann Intern Med 1997:126-36-47). Begin each of the following sections on a new page and in this order: title page, abstract, text, acknowledgments, references, each table, figure legends, and figures. On the title page, give complete information about each author (full names and highest degree). Give current mailing address for correspondence (include fax number and e-mail address). Follow Uniform Requirements style for references. Consult List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus for accepted journal abbreviations. Tables and figures should be numbered separately (each beginning with 1) in the order of mention in the text. Double-space everything, including the title page, abstract, references, tables, and figure legends. Italicize scientific names of organisms from species name all the way up, except for vernacular names (viruses that have not really been speciated, such as coxsackievirus and hepatitis B; bacterial organisms, such as pseudomonads, salmonellae, and brucellae). All articles will be reviewed by independent reviewers. The Editor reserves the right to edit articles for clarity and to modify the format to fit the publication style of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Documents sent in hardcopy should also be sent on diskette, or by e-mail. Acceptable electronic formats for text are ASCII, WordPerfect, AmiPro, DisplayWrite, MS Word, MultiMate, Office Writer, WordStar, or Xywrite. Send graphics documents in Corel Draw, Harvard Graphics, Freelance, .TIF (TIFF), .GIF (CompuServe), .WMF (Windows Metafile), .EPS (Encapsulated Postscript), or .CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile). The preferred font for graphics files is Helvetica. If possible, convert Macintosh files into one of the suggested formats. Submit photographs in glossy, camera-ready photographic prints. Send all manuscripts and correspondence to the Editor, Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, or by e-mail to eideditor@cdc.gov. Perspectives: Contributions to the Perspectives section should provide insightful analysis and commentary about new and reemerging infectious diseases or related issues. Perspectives may also address factors known to influence the emergence of infectious diseases, including microbial adaption and change; human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; and the breakdown of public health measures. Articles should be approximately 3,500 words and should include references, not to exceed 40. Use of additional subheadings in the main body of the text is recommended. If detailed methods are included, a separate section on experimental procedures should immediately follow the body of the text. Photographs and illustrations are optional. Provide a short abstract (150 words) and a brief biographical sketch. Synopses: Submit concise reviews of infectious diseases or closely related topics. Preference will be given to reviews of new and emerging diseases; however, timely updates of other diseases or topics are also welcome. Synopses should be approximately 3,500 words and should include references, not to exceed 40. Use of subheadings in the main body of the text is recommended. If detailed methods are included, a separate section on experimental procedures should immediately follow the body of the text. Photographs and illustrations are encouraged. Provide a short abstract (150 words) and a brief biographical sketch. Dispatches: Provide brief updates on trends in infectious diseases or infectious disease research. Dispatches (1,000 to 1,500 words of text) should be in a letter to the editor format and should not be divided into sections. Dispatches should begin with a brief introductory statement about the relationship of the topic to the emergence of infectious diseases. Provide references, not to exceed 10, and figures or illustrations, not to exceed two. To expedite publication of information of a more urgent nature, we post the journal's dispatches on the Internet as soon as they are cleared and edited. As soon as the full issue is completed, these dispatches become part of the issue. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------