EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES Editors Editor Joseph E. McDade, Ph.D. National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia, USA Perspectives Editor Stephen S. Morse, Ph.D. The Rockefeller University New York, New York, USA Synopses Editor Phillip J. Baker, Ph.D. Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland, USA Dispatches Editor Stephen Ostroff, M.D. National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia, USA Managing Editor Polyxeni Potter, M.A. National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia, USA Liaison Representatives Anthony I. Adams, M.D. Chief Medical Adviser Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health Canberra, Australia David Brandling-Bennett, M.D. Director, Division of Communicable Diseases Pan American Health Organization World Health Organization Washington, D.C., USA Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. Editor, MMWR Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia, USA William Hueston, D.V.M., Ph.D Acting Leader, Center for Animal Health Monitoring Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Fort Collins, Colorado, USA James LeDuc, Ph.D. Advisor for Arboviral Diseases Division of Communicable Diseases World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland Joseph Losos, M.D. Director General Laboratory Center for Disease Control Ontario, Canada Gerald L. Mandell, M.D. Liaison to Infectious Diseases Society of America University of Virginia Medical Center Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Robert Shope, M.D. Director, Yale Arbovirus Research Unit Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut, USA Bonnie Smoak, M.D. Chief, Dept of Epidemiology Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Washington, D.C., USA Robert Swanepoel, B.V.Sc., Ph.D. Head, Special Pathogens Unit National Institute for Virology Sandrinham 2131, South Africa Roberto Tapia, M.D. Director General de Epidemiolog¡a Direcci¢n General de Epidemiolog¡a Secretar¡a de Salud M‚xico Morag Timbury, M.D. Director Central Public Health Laboratory London, United Kingdom Emerging Infectious Diseases is published four times a year by the National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road., Mailstop C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Telephone 404-639-3967, fax 404-639-3039, e-mail EIDEDITOR@CIDOD1.EM.CDC.GOV. The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of CDC or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated. All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission; proper citation, however, is appreciated. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Editorial Policy and Call for Articles The goals of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) are to promote the recognition of new and reemerging infectious diseases and to improve the understanding of factors involved in disease emergence, prevention, and elimination. EID has an international scope and is intended for professionals in infectious diseases and related sciences. We welcome contributions from infectious disease specialists in academia, industry, clinical practice, and public health as well as from specialists in economics, demography, sociology, and other disciplines whose study elucidates the factors influencing the emergence of infectious diseases. EID will be published in English and will feature three types of articles: Perspectives, Synopses, and Dispatches. The purpose and requirements of each type of article are described in detail below. Instructions to Authors Editorial Material: Manuscripts should be prepared according to the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (JAMA 1993:269[17]: 2282-6). Begin each of the following sections on a new page and in this order: title page, abstract, text, acknowledgments, references, each table, figure legends, and figures. On the title page, give complete information about each author (full names and highest degree). Give current mailing address for correspondence (include fax number and e-mail address). Follow Uniform Requirements style for references. Consult List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus for accepted journal abbreviations. Tables and figures should be numbered separately (each beginning with 1) in the order of mention in the text. Double-space everything, including the title page, abstract, references, tables, and figure legends. Italicize scientific names of organisms from species name all the way up, except for vernacular names (viruses that have not really been speciated, such as coxsackievirus and hepatitis B; bacterial organisms, such as pseudomonads, salmonellae, and brucellae). Perspectives: Contributions to the Perspectives section are welcome from scientists and professionals in all disciplines and should address factors known to contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases, including microbial adaption and change; human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; and the breakdown of public health measures. Articles should be approximately 3,500 words and should include references, not to exceed 40. The section should begin with an introduction outlining the relationship of the issues discussed in the paper to the emergence of infectious diseases. Use of additional subheadings in the main body of the text is recommended. If detailed methods are included, a separate section on experimental procedures should immediately follow the body of the text. Photographs and illustrations are optional. Provide a short abstract (150 words) and a brief biographical sketch. Synopses: Submit concise reviews of infectious diseases or closely related topics. Preference will be given to reviews of new and emerging diseases; however, timely updates of other diseases or topics are also welcome. Synopses should be approximately 3,500 words and should include references, not to exceed 40. The section should begin with an introduction outlining the relationship of the issues discussed in the paper to the emergence of infectious diseases. Use of additional subheadings in the main body of the text is recommended. If detailed methods are included, a separate section on experimental procedures should immediately follow the body of the text. Selective use of illustrations is encouraged. Provide a short abstract of no more than 150 words and a brief biographical sketch. Dispatches: Provide brief updates on trends in infectious diseases or infectious disease research. Dispatches (1,000 to 1,500 words of text) should be in a letter to the editor format and should not be divided into sections. Dispatches should begin with a brief introductory statement about the relationship of the topic to the emergence of infectious diseases. Include methods development; references, not to exceed five; and figures or illustrations, not to exceed two. All articles will be reviewed by independent reviewers. The Editor reserves the right to edit articles for clarity and to modify the format to fit the publication style of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Send documents in hardcopy (Courier 10-point font), on diskette, or by e-mail. Acceptable electronic formats for text are ASCII, WordPerfect, AmiPro, DisplayWrite, MS Word, MultiMate, Office Writer, WordStar, or Xywrite. Send graphics documents in Corel Draw, Harvard Graphics, Freelance, .TIF (TIFF), .GIF (CompuServe), .WMF (Windows Metafile), .EPS (Encapsulated Postscript), or .CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile). The preferred font for graphics files is Helvetica. If possible, convert Macintosh files into one of the suggested formats. Submit photographs in camera-ready hardcopy. Send all manuscripts and correspondence to the Editor, Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, or by e-mail on the Internet to eideditor@cidod1.em.cdc.gov. CONTENTS, EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES, VOL. 1, NO.1 Perspectives Emerging Infections: Getting Ahead of the Curve, 1, David Satcher Factors in the Emergence of Infectious Diseases, 7, Stephen S. Morse Synopsis Unraveling Mysteries Associated with Cat-Scratch Disease, Bacillary Angiomatosis, and Related Syndromes, 16, Russell Regnery and Jordan Tappero Dispatches Emergence of Barmah Forest Virus in Western Australia, 22, Michael D.A. Lindsay, Cheryl A. Johansen, Annette K. Broom, David W. Smith, and John S. Mackenzie An Outbreak of Shigella sonnei Infection Associated with Consumption of Iceberg Lettuce, 26, J.A. Frost, M.B. McEvoy, C.A. Bentley, Y. Andersson, and B. Rowe ?Lyme Disease in Australia--Still To Be Proven!, 29, Richard C. Russell A Novel Morbillivirus Pneumonia of Horses and its Transmission to Humans, 31, Keith Murray, Russell Rogers, Linda Selvey, Paul Selleck, Alex Hyatt, Allan Gould, Laurie Gleeson, Peter Hooper, and Harvey Westbury Commentary Electronic Communication and the Future of International Public Health Surveillance, 34, T. Demetri Vacalis, Christopher L. R. Bartlett, and Cheryl G. Shapiro News and Notes Communicable Diseases Intelligence, 36, Helen Longbottom DxMONITOR: Compiling Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Results, 36, William Hueston WHO Scientific Working Group on Monitoring and Management of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents, 37, Fred C. Tenover and James M. Hughes Electronic Access to Emerging Infectious Diseases If you have Internet access, you can retrieve the journal electronically through file transfer protocol (FTP), electronic mail, or World-Wide Web (WWW). The journal is available in three file formats: ASCII, Adobe Acrobat (.pdf), and PostScript (.ps). The ASCII version of the journal does not contain figures. Both the .pdf and .ps files, however, contain graphics and figures and are true representations of the hard copy of the journal. The Adobe Acrobat format requires an Adobe Reader (available at no charge from CDC through FTP, LISTSERVer, or WWW). This reader is available in DOS, Windows, UNIX, and Macintosh versions and will allow you to view and print the journal just as it looks in hard copy. Installation instructions come with the Adobe software. Access Methods FTP Download the journal through anonymous FTP at ftp.cdc.gov. The files can be found in the pub/EID directory in each of the file types listed above. 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